Harmonisasi Hukum Pertanahan Nasional dan Hukum Adat dalam Kebijakan Pendaftaran Sertifikat Tanah Elektronik

Pendaftaran tanah merupakan instrumen penting dalam mewujudkan kepastian dan perlindungan hukum atas hak atas tanah di Indonesia sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Perkembangan teknologi digital mendorong pemerintah untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan sertifikat tanah elektronik berdasarkan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria No 5 Tahun 1960. Namun, Indonesia juga masih mengakui eksistensi hukum adat, khususnya hak ulayat, yang memiliki karakteristik komunal dan diakui konstitusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, serta doktrin hukum terkait pertanahan dan hukum adat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harmonisasi dapat dilakukan melalui sinkronisasi konsep hak milik individu dengan hak komunal, akomodasi prosedur khusus untuk tanah adat dalam sistem elektronik, serta pengakuan terhadap peta tanah ulayat dalam basis data pertanahan nasional. Meski demikian, penerapan sertifikat tanah elektronik menghadapi sejumlah kendala, seperti keterbatasan infrastruktur digital, rendahnya literasi masyarakat adat, persoalan keamanan data, hingga potensi sengketa baru akibat perbedaan interpretasi. Oleh karena itu, strategi harmonisasi diperlukan melalui revisi regulasi, peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat adat dan aparatur, penguatan keamanan sistem, serta mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang melibatkan lembaga adat. Dengan demikian, kebijakan sertifikat elektronik dapat mewujudkan modernisasi administrasi pertanahan sekaligus menjamin keberlanjutan nilai-nilai hukum adat yang hidup dalam masyarakat.

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Land registration is an important instrument in realizing legal certainty and protection of land rights in Indonesia as stipulated in the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). The development of digital technology has encouraged the government to implement an electronic land certificate policy based on Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960. However, Indonesia also still recognizes the existence of customary law, particularly customary rights, which have communal characteristics and are recognized by the constitution. This study used a normative juridical approach by analyzing legislation, court decisions, and legal doctrines related to land and customary law. The results of the study showed that harmonization can be achieved through the synchronization of the concepts of individual property rights and communal rights, the accommodation of special procedures for customary land in the electronic system, and the recognition of customary land maps in the national land database. However, the implementation of electronic land certificates faced a number of obstacles, such as limited digital infrastructure, low literacy among indigenous peoples, data security issues, and the potential for new disputes due to differences in interpretation. Therefore, a harmonization strategy is needed through regulatory revisions, capacity building for indigenous peoples and officials, strengthening of system security, and dispute resolution mechanisms involving indigenous institutions. In this way, the electronic certificate policy can modernize land administration while ensuring the sustainability of customary law values that are alive in society.