Rekonstruksi Penyelesaian Sengketa Pembiayaan Bermasalah Melalui Jalur Perdamaian (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Agama Gresik Nomor 1151/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Gs).

Sengketa pembiayaan bermasalah merupakan persoalan yang kerap muncul dalam praktik lembaga keuangan syariah, meskipun akad pembiayaan didasarkan pada prinsip keadilan, amanah, dan saling ridha. Perbedaan antara kewajiban pembayaran dan kemampuan ekonomi nasabah sering kali memicu sengketa yang berlanjut ke proses peradilan. Kondisi tersebut tercermin dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Gresik Nomor 1151/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Gs, di mana upaya perdamaian yang telah ditempuh sebelumnya belum mampu menyelesaikan sengketa secara berkeadilan. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara pengaturan normatif penyelesaian sengketa melalui perdamaian dan pelaksanaannya dalam praktik peradilan agama. Bertolak dari permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini mengkaji tiga pokok persoalan, yaitu (1) bagaimana penerapan prinsip-prinsip hukum ekonomi syariah dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Gresik Nomor 1151/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Gs. (2) bagaimana efektivitas pelaksanaan proses mediasi perkara dalam mencapai perdamaian. (3) bagaimana proses penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah dapat direkonstruksi sebagai model ideal penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah di masa mendatang
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan studi kasus. Data dan bahan hukum diperoleh dari peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, literatur hukum ekonomi syariah, serta didukung oleh wawancara dengan hakim Pengadilan Agama Gresik. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan content analysis terhadap dokumen hukum, khususnya putusan pengadilan, dengan menjadikan teori sistem hukum Lawrence M. Friedman dan prinsip-prinsip hukum ekonomi syariah sebagai kerangka analisis.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan prinsip hukum ekonomi syariah dalam putusan tersebut telah berjalan secara normatif melalui penghormatan terhadap akad dan pelaksanaan mediasi. Prinsip sulh, tawazun, dan amanah diterapkan secara prosedural, namun prinsip maslahah belum terwujud secara optimal karena putusan lebih menitikberatkan pada kepastian hukum. Proses mediasi belum berjalan efektif dan lebih bersifat formal prosedural.
Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa pembiayaan bermasalah secara bertahap melalui optimalisasi musyawarah preventif dan restrukturisasi pembiayaan, peningkatan kualitas mediasi di Pengadilan Agama, penguatan peran arbitrase syariah sebagai alternatif penyelesaian sengketa, serta penempatan eksekusi sebagai upaya terakhir yang proporsional dan berkeadilan.

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Problematic financing dispute is a problem that often arises in the practice of Islamic financial institutions, even though financing contract is based on the principles of justice, trust, and mutual pleasure. The discrepancy between payment obligations and the economic capabilities of the client often triggers dispute that continues to the judicial process. This condition is reflected in the Decision of the Gresik Religious Court Number 1151/Pdt.G/2024/PA. Gs, where the peace effort that has been taken before it has not been able to resolve the dispute fairly. This shows that there is a gap between the normative arrangement of dispute resolution through peace and its implementation in the practice of religious justice. Departing from these problems. This research examined three main issues, namely (1) how to apply the principles of sharia economic law in the Decision of the Gresik Religious Court Number 1151/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Gs. (2) how effective is the implementation of the case mediation process in achieving peace. (3) how the non-performing financing settlement process can be reconstructed as an ideal model for future non-performing financing solutions
The research was qualitative research with a normative juridical approach. The approaches used include legislative, conceptual, and case study approaches. The data and legal materials were obtained from laws and regulations, court decisions, sharia economic law literature, and supported by interviews with judges of the Gresik Religious Court. The data analysis was carried out using content analysis of legal documents, especially court decisions, by using the theory of the legal system Lawrence M. Friedman and the principles of sharia economic law as the framework for analysis.
The results of the research showed that the application of the principles of sharia economic law in the decision had been carried out normatively through respect for the contract and the implementation of mediation. The principles of sulh, tawazun, and Amanah were applied procedurally, but the principle of maslahah had not been optimally realized because the decision focuses more on legal certainty. The mediation process had not been effective and is more formal in nature.
Based on these findings, this research recommended strengthening the mechanism for resolving problematic financing disputes in stages through optimizing preventive deliberations and restructuring financing, improving the quality of mediation in Religious Courts, strengthening the role of sharia arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution, and placing execution as a last resort that was proportionate and fair.