Hubungan antara Preeklampsia Berat dengan Kejadian Bayi Kecil Masa Kehamilan di RSU Fatimah Lamongan

Bayi yang lahir dengan berat badan di bawah persentil ke-10 untuk usia kehamilannya disebut Small for Gestational Age atau SGA. Kondisi ini dapat meningkatkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas pada bayi. Salah satu faktor yang berhubungan dengan SGA adalah preeklampsia, yaitu tekanan darah tinggi pada kehamilan setelah usia 20 minggu. Kondisi ini dapat mengganggu aliran darah ke plasenta dan menghambat pertumbuhan janin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan antara preeklampsia dan kejadian bayi kecil masa kehamilan di RSU Fatimah Lamongan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi Ibu-ibu yang melahirkan dan memenuhi kriteria tertentu berdasarkan data rekam medis di RSU Fatimah Lamongan dari Januari hingga Desember 2024 menjadi subjek penelitian. Teknik sampling yang digunakan yaitu convienace sampling. Variabel independen preeklampsia, sedangkan variabel dependen kejadian bayi kecil masa kehamilan. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan lembar checklist rekam medis. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif serta bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan tingkat signifikansi α = 0,05.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 1536 ibu yang melahirkan, sebanyak 239 (15,6%) ibu mengalami preeklampsia dan kejadian KMK 199 bayi. Pada ibu dengan preeklampsia, sebagian besar bayinya mengalami kecil masa kehamilan, yaitu 98 (41,0 %) ibu. Sementara itu, pada ibu tanpa preeklampsia, mayoritas bayinya tidak mengalami kecil masa kehamilan, yaitu 1196 (92,2 %) ibu. Hasil uji statistik X2=197,454 dan p = 0,000 menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan signifikan antara preeklampsia dan kejadian kecil masa kehamilan. Edukasi kepada ibu hamil juga perlu ditingkatkan, khususnya mengenai pentingnya pemeriksaan kehamilan rutin, penerapan pola hidup sehat, serta pengendalian faktor risiko preeklampsia. Kerja sama multidisiplin antar tenaga kesehatan juga perlu ditingkatkan agar penanganan ibu hamil risiko tinggi dapat dilakukan secara optimal sehingga kejadian KMK dan komplikasi lainnya dapat dicegah.

====================================================================================================

Babies who are born weighing less than the 10th percentile for how far along the pregnancy is are considered Small for Gestational Age (SGA). This condition could raise the chances of illnesses and death in babies. One of the factors linked to SGA is preeclampsia, which is high blood pressure that happens after 20 weeks of pregnancy. This condition can reduce blood flow to the placenta and slow down the growth of the baby. This study focused on understanding how preeclampsia is related to the occurrence of Small for Gestational Age infants at Fatimah General Hospital in Lamongan.
This research used a method called observational analysis, and it took a cross-sectional approach. The group included mothers who had given birth and met certain requirements based on medical records from Fatimah General Hospital in Lamongan between January and December 2024. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. The independent variable was preeclampsia, and the dependent variable was the occurrence of Small for Gestational Age infants. Information was gathered using a checklist sheet for medical records. The data were examined in two ways: descriptively and by comparing two groups using the Chi-Square test, and we set the significance level at α = 0.05.
The results revealed that among 1,536 mothers who gave birth, 239 of them, which is 15.6%, had preeclampsia, and there were 199 instances of infants being small for their gestational age (SGA). Most babies born to mothers with preeclampsia were Small for Gestational Age, with 98 out of the total, which is 41.0%. At the same time, in mothers who did not have preeclampsia, the majority of their babies were not classified as Small for Gestational Age, with a total of 1196 infants, which is 92,2 %. The results from the statistical test showed χ² = 197,454 with p = 0.000, which means there is a strong link between preeclampsia and the occurrence of Small for Gestational Age infants. We also need to enhance education for pregnant women, especially about the importance of regular check-ups during pregnancy, following a healthy lifestyle, and managing the risk factors for preeclampsia. Working together across different healthcare fields should be improved to better manage high-risk pregnancies. This teamwork can help prevent the occurrence of small for gestational age (SGA) babies and other related complications.