Analisis Efisiensi Transmisi Data dan Losses Komunikasi LoRa pada Sistem Monitoring Turbin Angin di Laboratorium Terpadu Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya

Turbin angin di Laboratorium Terpadu Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya (UMSurabaya) memerlukan sistem monitoring yang efisien untuk memantau parameter operasionalnya secara berkala. Sistem monitoring konvensional yang masih bersifat manual dinilai kurang efektif, sehingga diperlukan solusi komunikasi nirkabel berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) yang mampu mengirimkan data jarak jauh dengan konsumsi daya rendah. Modul LoRa SX1278 dipilih sebagai media komunikasi karena memiliki jangkauan transmisi yang luas dan efisiensi energi yang baik untuk aplikasi sensor IoT bertenaga baterai. Namun demikian, kinerja LoRa sangat dipengaruhi oleh jarak transmisi, kondisi propagasi, dan pemilihan Spreading Factor (SF), sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui tingkat efisiensi dan losses yang terjadi pada sistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi transmisi data dan losses pada komunikasi LoRa dengan meninjau parameter Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Packet Loss, dan Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) pada tiga variasi Spreading Factor yaitu SF7, SF9, dan SF12, dalam dua kondisi propagasi yaitu Line of Sight (LOS) dan Non-Line of Sight (NLOS). Pengujian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan jarak antara node transmitter dan node receiver pada rentang 10 hingga 300 meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai RSSI dan SNR mengalami penurunan yang konsisten seiring bertambahnya jarak, sementara Packet Loss menunjukkan tren peningkatan yang berbanding lurus dengan penurunan kualitas sinyal tersebut. Pada kondisi LOS, SF12 mampu mempertahankan PDR di atas 50% hingga jarak 250 meter, jauh melampaui SF7 dan SF9, namun dengan konsekuensi Time on Air (ToA) yang jauh lebih panjang yaitu 1318,91 ms dibandingkan SF7 sebesar 56,576 ms. Pada kondisi NLOS, degradasi kualitas sinyal dan peningkatan Packet Loss terjadi jauh lebih cepat akibat redaman tambahan dari halangan fisik. Berdasarkan keseluruhan hasil analisis, SF9 pada kondisi LOS terbukti menjadi konfigurasi paling optimal karena memberikan keseimbangan terbaik antara keandalan transmisi data dan efisiensi waktu serta energi, sehingga direkomendasikan sebagai konfigurasi utama untuk sistem monitoring turbin angin di UMSurabaya.

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The wind turbine at the Integrated Laboratory of Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya (UMSurabaya) requires an efficient monitoring system to periodically monitor its operational parameters. Conventional manual monitoring systems are considered ineffective, necessitating an Internet of Things (IoT)-based wireless communication solution that can transmit data over long distances with low power consumption. The LoRa SX1278 module was chosen as the communication medium due to its long transmission range and energy efficiency in battery-powered IoT sensor applications. However, LoRa performance is greatly influenced by transmission distance, propagation conditions, and the choice of Spreading Factor (SF), so an analysis is needed to determine the efficiency and losses in the system. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of data transmission and losses in LoRa communications by reviewing the parameters of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Packet Loss, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) in three variations of Spreading Factor, namely SF7, SF9, and SF12, in two propagation conditions, namely Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS). Testing was carried out by varying the distance between the transmitter and receiver nodes over the range of 10 to 300 meters. The results showed that the RSSI and SNR values experienced a consistent decrease as the distance increased, while Packet Loss showed an increasing trend that was directly proportional to the decrease in signal quality. Under LOS conditions, the SF12 can maintain a PDR above 50% out to 250 meters, far surpassing the SF7 and SF9. However, at the cost of a significantly longer Time on Air (ToA) of 1318.91 ms compared to the SF7's 56.576 ms. Under NLOS conditions, signal quality degrades and Packet Loss increases much more rapidly due to additional attenuation from physical obstacles. Based on the overall analysis results, the SF9 under LOS conditions proved to be the most optimal configuration because it provides the best balance between data transmission reliability and time and energy efficiency, making it recommended as the primary configuration for the wind turbine monitoring system at UMSurabaya.