Karakteristik Tokoh Utama Novel Pan’s Labyrinth Karya Cornelia Funke: Kajian Psikologi Anak Jean Piaget

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perkembangan kognitif, peran dunia fantasi sebagai permainan simbolis dalam proses asimilasi, akomodasi, dan ekuilibrasi, serta perkembangan moral karakter Ofelia dalam novel Pan’s Labyrinth karya Cornelia Funke berdasarkan teori Jean Piaget. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikologi sastra. Sumber data utama penelitian ini adalah novel Pan’s Labyrinth, sedangkan data penelitian terdiri dari kutipan teks, dialog, narasi, dan peristiwa yang menggambarkan perkembangan psikologis Ofelia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tinjauan literatur menggunakan teknik baca-dan-catat. Data dianalisis dengan mengklasifikasikan kutipan berdasarkan pertanyaan penelitian, kemudian menghubungkannya dengan konsep-konsep tahap operasional konkret, tahap operasional formal, asimilasi, akomodasi, ekuilibrasi, permainan simbolik, dan moralitas otonom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ofelia berada dalam fase transisi antara tahap operasional konkret dan tahap operasional formal. Hal ini terlihat dari kemampuannya memahami pengalaman konkret sambil menafsirkan simbol dan kemungkinan abstrak. Dunia fantasi berfungsi sebagai ruang simbolis yang membantu Ofelia memahami realitas perang, kekerasan, dan tekanan internal melalui proses asimilasi, akomodasi, dan ekuilibrasi. Selain itu, Ofelia menunjukkan perkembangan moral menuju moralitas otonom karena ia mampu mengambil keputusan berdasarkan pertimbangan internal dan nilai-nilai humanis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teori Jean Piaget dapat digunakan untuk menafsirkan perkembangan kognitif dan moral karakter anak dalam karya sastra, terutama ketika karakter-karakter tersebut dihadapkan pada realitas traumatis dan dunia fantasi.

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This study aimed to describe the cognitive development, the role of fantasy as symbolic play in the processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration, and the moral development of Ofelia in Cornelia Funke’s novel Pan’s Labyrinth, based on Jean Piaget's theory. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a literary psychology approach. The primary data source for this study was the novel Pan’s Labyrinth, while the research data comprises textual excerpts, dialogue, narratives, and events that depict Ofelia’s psychological development. Data collection was conducted through a literature review using a read- and-note technique. The data were analysed by classifying the excerpts based on the research questions and then relating them to the concepts of the concrete operational stage, formal operational stage, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration, symbolic play, and autonomous morality. The results indicated that Ofelia is in a transitional phase between the concrete operational and formal operational stages. This is evident in her ability to understand concrete experiences while interpreting abstract symbols and possibilities. The fantasy world served as a symbolic space that helps Ofelia understand the realities of war, violence, and internal stress through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. Furthermore, Ofelia demonstrated moral development toward autonomous morality by making decisions based on internal considerations and humanistic values. This study demonstrated that Jean Piaget’s theory can be used to interpret the cognitive and moral development of child characters in literary works, especially when these characters are confronted with traumatic realities and fantasy worlds.