Saleh, Muhammad Amin (2026) Analisis Hukum Islam terhadap Bitcoin dalam Perspektif Māl dan Tsamaniyyah. Masters thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya.
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Abstract
Perkembangan ekonomi digital telah menghadirkan Bitcoin sebagai bentuk kekayaan digital yang menantang kategori klasik dalam fiqh muamalah, terutama mengenai harta, uang, nilai, kepemilikan, dan alat tukar. Perdebatan hukum Islam tentang Bitcoin sering kali berhenti pada pertanyaan halal atau haram, padahal persoalan yang lebih mendasar terletak pada penentuan kategori hukumnya. Bitcoin memiliki nilai pasar, dapat dikuasai secara digital, dapat disimpan, dan dapat dipindahkan melalui teknologi blockchain. Namun, karakter tersebut belum cukup untuk menetapkannya sebagai harta yang sah secara syar‘i atau sebagai uang yang memiliki fungsi moneter sempurna. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memfokuskan kajian pada analisis hukum Bitcoin dalam perspektif māl dan tsamaniyyah sebagai kerangka utama fiqh muamalah kontemporer.
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep māl dan tsamaniyyah dalam literatur fiqh klasik dan kontemporer, mengkaji pandangan serta argumentasi fatwa-fatwa fiqih kontemporer tentang Bitcoin, dan merumuskan implikasi normatif-regulatifnya bagi hukum ekonomi syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-normatif berbasis kepustakaan dan dokumen. Sumber penelitian meliputi kitab fiqh, fatwa kontemporer, regulasi Indonesia, artikel ilmiah, buku akademik, dan wawancara ahli sebagai data pendukung. Pendekatan yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan konseptual, normatif-fiqhiyyah, komparatif, regulatif, dan maqāṣidī. Data dianalisis melalui reduksi bahan yang relevan, klasifikasi konsep māl, māl mutaqawwam, tsaman, naqd, fulūs, dan tsamaniyyah, operasionalisasi indikator, komparasi fatwa, serta penilaian maslahat dan mafsadah melalui prinsip perlindungan harta.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bitcoin dapat dipahami sebagai māl pada level māliyyah karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, penguasaan digital, kemampuan penyimpanan, dan kemampuan transfer. Namun, status tersebut tidak otomatis menjadikannya māl mutaqawwam karena keabsahan syar‘i tetap bergantung pada manfaat yang mubah, kejelasan objek, kepemilikan yang sah, kepastian penguasaan, kebersihan transaksi, dan kepatuhan regulasi. Dari sisi tsamaniyyah, Bitcoin hanya menunjukkan fungsi pertukaran terbatas dan belum memenuhi fungsi uang umum karena belum diterima secara luas sebagai alat tukar, belum stabil sebagai ukuran nilai, belum memiliki kekuatan pelunasan kewajiban, dan tidak diakui sebagai alat pembayaran sah di Indonesia. Fatwa-fatwa fiqih kontemporer menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan hukum Bitcoin lahir dari perbedaan takyīf fiqhi, dasar qiyās, ‘illah hukum, pertimbangan maqāṣid, dan konteks regulatif. Dengan demikian, Bitcoin lebih tepat diposisikan sebagai aset digital bersyarat daripada sebagai uang umum. Formulasi ini menuntut tata kelola yang menekankan kejelasan objek, perlindungan konsumen, kepatuhan regulasi, mitigasi risiko spekulatif, pengawasan transaksi, dan penguatan literasi hukum ekonomi syariah.
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The development of the digital economy has presented Bitcoin as a form of digital wealth that challenges classical categories in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah), particularly regarding property, money, value, ownership, and medium of exchange. Islamic legal debates about Bitcoin often focus on the question of whether it is halal (permissible) or haram (forbidden), whereas a more fundamental issue lies in determining its legal category. Bitcoin has market value, can be controlled digitally, can be stored, and can be transferred through blockchain technology. However, these characteristics are not sufficient to establish it as legitimate property according to sharia or as money with a perfect monetary function. Therefore, this study focuses on the legal analysis of Bitcoin from a māl and tsamaniyyah perspective as the main framework of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah). This study aims to analyze the concepts of māl and tsamaniyyah in classical and contemporary fiqh literature, examine the views and arguments of contemporary fiqh fatwas on Bitcoin, and formulate their normative- regulative implications for Islamic economic law in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative-normative method based on literature and documents. Research sources include fiqh books, contemporary fatwas, Indonesian regulations, scientific articles, academic books, and expert interviews as supporting data. The approaches used include conceptual, normative-fiqh, comparative, regulatory, and maqāṣidī approaches. Data are analyzed through the reduction of relevant material, classification of the concepts of māl, māl mutaqawwam, tsaman, naqd, fulūs, and tsamaniyyah, operationalization of indicators, comparison of fatwas, and assessment of maslahah and mafsadah through the principle of property protection. The research results show that Bitcoin can be understood as a māl at the māliyyah level because it has economic value, digital control, storage capacity, and transfer capacity. However, this status does not automatically make it a māl mutaqawwam because its sharia validity still depends on permissible benefits, clarity of object, legal ownership, certainty of control, transaction cleanliness, and regulatory compliance. From the tsamaniyyah perspective, Bitcoin only demonstrates a limited exchange function and does not fulfill the function of general money because it is not yet widely accepted as a medium of exchange, is not stable as a measure of value, does not have the power to settle obligations, and is not recognized as legal tender in Indonesia. Contemporary fiqh fatwas indicate that differences in Bitcoin law arise from differences in takyīf fiqh, qiyās basis, ‘illah law, maqāṣid considerations, and regulatory context. Thus, Bitcoin is more appropriately positioned as a conditional digital asset rather than as general money. This formulation demands governance that emphasizes object clarity, consumer protection, regulatory compliance, speculative risk mitigation, transaction oversight, and strengthening Islamic economic legal literacy.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Aset Digital, Bitcoin, Fiqh Muamalah Kontemporer, Māl, Tsamaniyyah, Digital Assets, Bitcoin, Contemporary Fiqh Muamalah, Māl, Tsamaniyyah |
| Subjects: | H Social Sciences > HB Economic Theory H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions H Social Sciences > HG Finance K Law > K Law (General) |
| Divisions: | 10. Sekolah Pascasarjana > S2 Hukum Ekonomi Syariah |
| Depositing User: | MUHAMMAD AMIN SALEH |
| Date Deposited: | 22 Oct 2026 08:53 |
| Last Modified: | 26 Oct 2026 03:19 |
| URI: | https://repository.um-surabaya.ac.id/id/eprint/14158 |
