Implementasi Akad Filantropi Islam pada Yayasan Minhajus Sunnah Surabaya: Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

Perkembangan lembaga filantropi Islam yang semakin terintegrasi dalam jejaring kerja sama internasional melahirkan dinamika baru dalam tata kelola dana sosial keagamaan. Fenomena tersebut tampak pada Yayasan Minhajus Sunnah (YMS) Surabaya yang menerapkan model pengelolaan filantropi berbeda dari sebagian besar lembaga filantropi di Indonesia. YMS tidak menghimpun dana secara langsung dari masyarakat (non-fundraising), melainkan mengelola dan melaksanakan program yang hampir seluruh pendanaannya berasal dari lembaga donor internasional, Dar Al Ber Society (DBS), Uni Emirat Arab. Pola hubungan hukum lintas negara ini menimbulkan kebutuhan untuk mengkaji konstruksi akad yang mendasari kerja sama para pihak serta menilai kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip-prinsip Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis implementasi akad filantropi Islam pada YMS serta mengevaluasi kesesuaiannya berdasarkan perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, studi dokumentasi, dan analisis terhadap dokumen kerja sama (Memorandum of Understanding/MoU) antara YMS dan DBS. Informan dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Keabsahan data diuji melalui triangulasi sumber dan teknik, sedangkan analisis dilakukan melalui reduksi data, coding, klasifikasi, penyusunan data, validasi, interpretasi, dan penarikan kesimpulan dengan kerangka analisis Fikih Muamalah serta parameter sharia compliance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi filantropi Islam di YMS diselenggarakan melalui konstruksi akad bertingkat. Pada tingkat kelembagaan, hubungan hukum antara DBS dan YMS dibangun atas akad Tabarru' sebagai landasan sosial filantropi dan akad Wakalah bil Ujrah sebagai dasar pendelegasian kewenangan pengelolaan dana. Pada tingkat operasional, penyaluran dana dilaksanakan melalui akad Wakaf pada program pembangunan; akad Zakat, Infak, Sedekah, dan Hibah pada program bantuan; serta akad Kafalah, Infak, dan Sedekah pada program dakwah. Berdasarkan perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, implementasi seluruh akad dinilai telah memenuhi prinsip sharia compliance, yang ditunjukkan oleh terpenuhinya rukun dan syarat akad, penerapan asas-asas muamalah, serta tidak ditemukannya unsur riba, gharar, maupun maisir dalam keseluruhan mekanisme pengelolaan dana filantropi.

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The development of Islamic philanthropic institutions, which are increasingly integrated into international cooperation networks, has given rise to new dynamics in the governance of religious social funds. This phenomenon is evident in the Minhajus Sunnah Foundation (YMS) in Surabaya, which employed a philanthropic management model that differs from that of most philanthropic institutions in Indonesia. YMS does not collect funds directly from the public (non-fundraising) but rather manages and implements programs, which are almost entirely funded by an international donor agency, Dar Al Ber Society (DBS), in the United Arab Emirates. This cross-border legal relationship pattern creates a need to examine the construction of the contracts underlying the parties’ cooperation and assess their compliance with the principles of Sharia Economic Law. This study aims to identify and analysed the implementation of Islamic philanthropic contracts at YMS and evaluate their compliance from a Sharia Economic Law perspective. The study used qualitative methods with a case study approach. Data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, documentation studies, and analysis of the cooperation document (Memorandum of Understanding/MoU) between YMS and DBS. Informants were selected using purposive sampling. Data validity was tested through triangulation of sources and techniques. At the same time, analysis was conducted through data reduction, coding, classification, data compilation, validation, interpretation, and drawing conclusions using the Fiqh Muamalah analysis framework and sharia compliance parameters. The study's results indicated that Islamic philanthropy at YMS was implemented through multilevel contracts. At the institutional level, the legal relationship between DBS and YMS is built on the Tabarru’ contract as the social foundation of philanthropy and the Wakalah bil Ujrah contract as the basis for delegation of authority for fund management. At the operational level, fund distribution was carried out through Waqf contracts in development programs; Zakat, Infaq, Shodaqoh, and Hibah contracts in aid programs; and Kafalah, Infaq, and Shodaqoh contracts in da'wah programs. Based on the perspective of Sharia Economic Law, the implementation of all contracts was deemed to have met the principles of Sharia compliance, as demonstrated by the fulfilment of the pillars and conditions of the contract, the application of the principles of muamalah, and the absence of elements of usury, gharar, or maisir in the overall philanthropic fund management mechanism.