Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pengusahaan Energi Panas Bumi atas Dampak Ekstraktif bagi Keadilan Ekologis Masyarakat Dieng

Indonesia memiliki potensi energi panas bumi sebesar 24 GW, namun pengusahaan Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi (WKP) Dieng selama dua dekade masih diwarnai konflik ekologis yang menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan hukum antara kebijakan transisi energi dan perlindungan hak masyarakat. Kesenjangan tersebut tercermin pada belum optimalnya pengaturan mengenai perlindungan hukum, partisipasi publik, serta pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap dampak ekstraktif pengusahaan panas bumi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis jaminan perlindungan hukum dan keadilan ekologis bagi masyarakat Dieng, mengevaluasi efektivitas model pertanggungjawaban negara, serta merumuskan rekonstruksi hukum yang ideal. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, disertai analisis deskriptif-preskriptif melalui analisis isi terhadap bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaminan perlindungan hukum belum efektif karena sentralisasi perizinan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 mempersempit partisipasi publik dan melemahkan fungsi preventif AMDAL. Model pertanggungjawaban negara juga belum efektif karena masih bertumpu pada pembuktian kesalahan setelah melemahnya asas strict liability, sehingga belum mampu memberikan perlindungan optimal terhadap masyarakat terdampak. Maka, pemerintah penting menetapkan dasar kebijakan dalam memperkuat perlindungan hukum melalui pemulihan asas strict liability, penguatan partisipasi publik berbasis Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), serta pengintegrasian perspektif hak asasi manusia guna mewujudkan kelestarian alam dan keadilan ekologis.

==================================================================================================

Abstract Indonesia has a geothermal energy potential of 24 GW; however, two decades of development in the Dieng Geothermal Working Area have been marred ecological conflicts, highlighting a legal gap between energy transition policies and the protection of community rights. This gap is reflected in the suboptimal regulations regarding legal protection, public participation, and state accountability for the extractive impacts of geothermal development. This study aims to analyze guarantees of legal protection and ecological justice for the people of Dieng, evaluate the effectiveness of the state accountability model, and formulate an ideal legal framework. The study employs a normative legal method with a legislative and conceptual approach, accompanied by descriptive-prescriptive analysis through content analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The results indicate that legal protection guarantees remain ineffective because the centralization of permitting under Law No. 6 of 2023 limits public participation and weakens the preventive function of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Therefore, it is important for the government to establish a policy basis for strengthening legal protection through the restoration of the principle of strict liability, strengthening public participation based on Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), and integrating a human rights perspektif to realize environmental sustainability and ecological justice.