Ardhana, Safira (2026) Tugas Akhir Systematic Literature Review Hubungan Antara Kadar D-Dimer Pasien COVID-19 Dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dan Tanpa Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. Undergraduate thesis, UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURABAYA.
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Abstract
Latar Belakang : Munculnya pandemi COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 telah menjadi ancaman kesehatan global sejak akhir tahun 2019. Pada pasien COVID-19, sering ditemukan hasil laboratorium yang abnormal, salah satunya adalah peningkatan kadar D-dimer. D-dimer merupakan indikator terjadinya trombosis, hemostasis, dan fibrinolisis. Peningkatan kadar ini sering kali dikaitkan dengan risiko keparahan penyakit dan kematian (mortalitas). Selain itu, penyakit penyerta (komorbiditas) seperti Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (DMT2) diketahui menjadi faktor prognostik yang buruk bagi pasien COVID-19 karena meningkatkan risiko hiperkoagulasi dan endoteliopati. Metode : Studi ini merupakan systematic literature review yang menganalisis secara kritis 37 artikel ilmiah dari database PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, dan Google Scholar dengan rentang tahun 2020-2024. Hasil : Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa pasien COVID-19 dengan DMT2 secara konsisten memiliki kadar D-dimer yang signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien tanpa diabetes. Misalnya, satu studi mencatat kadar D-dimer pada pasien diabetes mencapai 1509 ng/mL, jauh lebih tinggi dibanding pasien non-diabetes yang hanya 515 ng/mL. Peningkatan ini berkorelasi kuat dengan tingkat keparahan penyakit, risiko masuk ICU, kebutuhan ventilasi, dan angka mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, kontrol glikemik yang buruk (HbA1c tinggi) juga ditemukan secara linear meningkatkan risiko kematian, di mana kadar HbA1c > 7% menjadi indikator prognostik yang signifikan terhadap kerusakan paru dan hasil klinis yang buruk. Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan mekanisme yang nyata antara kadar D-dimer pada pasien COVID-19 dengan kondisi Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. Kehadiran DMT2 memperburuk respons koagulopati dan inflamasi, yang memicu peningkatan kadar D-dimer secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu, pemantauan kadar D-dimer dan kontrol glikemik melalui nilai HbA1c sangat penting dilakukan sebagai alat skrining, diagnosis, dan surveilans untuk memprediksi risiko komplikasi tromboemboli serta mengurangi tingkat kematian pada pasien COVID.
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Background: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed a significant global health threat since late 2019. Abnormal laboratory findings are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients, notably elevated D-dimer levels. D-dimer serves as a clinical indicator of thrombosis, hemostasis, and fibrinolysis; its elevation is often associated with disease severity and increased mortality risk. Furthermore, comorbidities such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are recognized as poor prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients, as they exacerbate the risk of hypercoagulability and endotheliopathy. Methods: This study is a systematic literature review that critically analyzes 37 scientific articles from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, covering the period from 2020 to 2024. Results: The review indicates that COVID-19 patients with T2DM consistently exhibit significantly higher D-dimer levels compared to non-diabetic patients. For instance, one study reported D-dimer levels reaching 1509 ng/mL in diabetic patients, substantially higher than the 515 ng/mL observed in non-diabetic counterparts. This elevation strongly correlates with disease severity, ICU admission rates, mechanical ventilation requirements, and higher mortality rates. Additionally, poor glycemic control (elevated HbA1c) was found to linearly increase mortality risk, with HbA1c levels > 7% serving as a significant prognostic indicator for lung injury and adverse clinical outcomes. Conclusion: There is a distinct mechanistic relationship between D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients and the presence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. T2DM exacerbates coagulopathy and inflammatory responses, triggering a significant rise in D-dimer levels. Therefore, monitoring D-dimer levels and glycemic control via HbA1c is crucial as a screening, diagnostic, and surveillance tool to predict thromboembolic complications and reduce mortality rates in COVID-19 patients.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | D-dimer, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes melitus tipe 2, type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RB Pathology R Medicine > RC Internal medicine |
| Divisions: | 05. Fakultas Kedokteran > Pendidikan Dokter |
| Depositing User: | SAFIRA ARDHANA |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Feb 2026 08:14 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Feb 2026 08:14 |
| URI: | https://repository.um-surabaya.ac.id/id/eprint/11040 |
