Analisis Pemodelan Kapasitor Bank untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas Daya pada Turbin Angin (Studi Kasus PLTB di Gedung Lab Terpadu UMSurabaya)

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan dan memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai pembangkit listrik berkelanjutan. Namun, kinerja sistem PLTB sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi kecepatan angin dan perubahan beban, yang dapat menyebabkan rendahnya faktor daya, meningkatnya daya reaktif, ketidakstabilan tegangan, serta tingginya rugi-rugi daya. Kondisi tersebut berdampak pada menurunnya efisiensi dan keandalan sistem PLTB. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya perbaikan kualitas daya melalui kompensasi daya reaktif menggunakan kapasitor bank. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemasangan kapasitor bank terhadap peningkatan faktor daya, penurunan daya reaktif, pengurangan arus sistem, serta penurunan rugi-rugi daya pada sistem PLTB. Penelitian dilakukan pada PLTB skala laboratorium di Gedung Laboratorium Terpadu Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya dengan menggunakan Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) sebagai generator utama. Sistem dilengkapi sensor Infrared FC-51 untuk pengukuran kecepatan putar turbin, sensor arus ZMCT103C, dan sensor tegangan ZMPT101B untuk pemantauan parameter kelistrikan secara real-time. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum pemasangan kapasitor bank, sistem PLTB memiliki faktor daya sebesar 0,21, arus rata-rata 0,112 A, dan daya reaktif sebesar 0,820 VAR. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, diperoleh kapasitor bank dengan nilai kapasitansi sebesar 35,5 µF untuk mengompensasi daya reaktif sebesar 0,647 VAR. Setelah pemasangan kapasitor bank, faktor daya meningkat menjadi 0,66, arus menurun menjadi 0,025 A, dan daya reaktif berkurang menjadi 0,175 VAR. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa rugi-rugi daya sistem menurun hingga sekitar 95%, sehingga pemasangan kapasitor bank terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan efisiensi, kestabilan, dan kualitas daya pada sistem PLTB.

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The Wind Power Plants (PLTB) are one of the environmentally friendly renewable energy sources with significant potential to be developed as sustainable electricity generation systems. However, the performance of PLTB systems is highly influenced by wind speed fluctuations and load variations, which can lead to a low power factor, increased reactive power, voltage instability, and high-power losses. These conditions negatively affect the efficiency and reliability of PLTB systems. Therefore, efforts to improve power quality are required, one of which was through reactive power compensation with capacitor banks. This study aimed to analyze the effect of capacitor bank installation on improving power factor, reducing reactive power, decreasing system current, and minimizing power losses in a PLTB system. The research was conducted on a laboratory-scale PLTB at the Integrated Laboratory Building at Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, utilizing a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) as the main generator. The system was equipped with an FC-51 infrared sensor to measure turbine rotational speed, a ZMCT103C current sensor, and a ZMPT101B voltage sensor for real-time monitoring of electrical parameters. Experimental results indicated that prior to capacitor bank installation, the PLTB system exhibited a power factor of 0.21, an average current of 0.112 A, and reactive power of 0.820 VAR. Based on the calculations, a capacitor bank with a capacitance value of 35.5 µF was required to compensate for 0.647 VAR of reactive power. After the capacitor bank installation, the power factor increased to 0.66, the current decreased to 0.025 A, and the reactive power was reduced to 0.175 VAR. Further analysis indicated that system power losses decreased by approximately 95%, demonstrating that the application of a capacitor bank is effective in enhancing efficiency, stability, and overall power quality of the PLTB system.