Analisa Pengaruh Variasi Beban Dan Penyetelan Pada Pegas Sensor LSPV (Load Sensing Proportioning Valve) Terhadap Gaya Pengereman Mobil Barang Daihatsu Gran Max Tipe S402

Keselamatan transportasi darat pada kendaraan angkutan barang merupakan isu kritis yang erat kaitannya dengan efektivitas sistem pengereman. Daihatsu Gran Max Tipe S402 sebagai kendaraan niaga ringan yang mendominasi pasar Indonesia beroperasi dalam kondisi beban yang senantiasa berubah-ubah, sehingga memerlukan sistem pengaturan tekanan rem yang adaptif. Load Sensing Proportioning Valve (LSPV) merupakan komponen yang dirancang untuk mendistribusikan tekanan hidrolik rem belakang secara proporsional terhadap perubahan beban kendaraan guna mencegah penguncian roda belakang (wheel lock-up) dan mengoptimalkan efektivitas pengereman. Namun, keausan pegas sensor LSPV serta variasi beban yang tidak terkontrol berpotensi menurunkan efektivitas sistem tersebut secara signifikan.
Penelitian ini berlandaskan kajian teori sistem pengereman hidrolik, mekanisme kerja LSPV, konsep efisiensi rem, serta distribusi beban sumbu kendaraan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah eksperimen kuantitatif dengan variabel bebas berupa empat kondisi beban muatan (tanpa beban, 50% daya angkut, sesuai JBI, dan melebihi JBI) serta tiga variasi jarak penyetelan pegas sensor LSPV (0 cm, 2 cm, dan 4 cm). Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan di UPT Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Malang menggunakan instrumen brake tester dan axle load meter.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan beban muatan berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan gaya pengereman pada sumbu belakang, dengan rata-rata kenaikan total sebesar 14,5% dari penyetelan 0 cm ke 4 cm. Penyetelan pegas sensor pada batas atas (4 cm) secara konsisten menghasilkan efisiensi pengereman tertinggi sebesar 58,86% pada beban 1.490 kgf, sedangkan kondisi overload (2.355 kgf) pada seluruh variasi penyetelan terbukti tidak memenuhi standar laik jalan berdasarkan PP No. 55 Tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketepatan penyetelan pegas sensor LSPV beserta pengelolaan beban sesuai kapasitas merupakan faktor determinan dalam mengoptimalkan keselamatan pengereman kendaraan barang.

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Road transport safety for freight vehicles is a critical issue closely related to the effectiveness of the braking system. The Daihatsu Gran Max Type S402, as a light commercial vehicle that dominates the Indonesian market, operates under constantly changing load conditions, thus requiring an adaptive brake pressure regulation system. The Load Sensing Proportioning Valve (LSPV) is a component designed to distribute rear brake hydraulic pressure proportionally to changes in vehicle load to prevent rear wheel lock-up and optimize braking effectiveness. However, wear on the LSPV sensor spring and uncontrolled load variations have the potential to significantly reduce the system’s effectiveness.
This study is based on a review of the theory of hydraulic braking systems, the operating mechanism of LSPV, the concept of braking efficiency, and vehicle axle load distribution. The approach used was a quantitative experiment with independent variables consisting of four load conditions (unloaded, 50% of carrying capacity, in accordance with JBI, and exceeding JBI) as well as three variations in the LSPV sensor spring adjustment distance (0 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm). Data collection was conducted at the Motor Vehicle Testing Unit of the Malang Regency Transportation Department using a brake tester and an axle load meter.
The results of the study indicate that an increase in load is directly proportional to an increase in braking force on the rear axle, with an average total increase of 14.5% from a 0 cm setting to a 4 cm setting. Setting the sensor spring at the upper limit (4 cm) consistently produced the highest braking efficiency of 58.86% at a load of 1,490 kgf, whereas the overload condition (2,355 kgf) across all setting variations was found to fail to meet roadworthiness standards based on Government Regulation No. 55 of 2012. This study concludes that the accuracy of LSPV sensor spring adjustment, along with load management according to capacity, is a determining factor in optimizing the braking safety of commercial vehicles.