Relationship of Spirituality, Health Engagement, Health Belief and Attitudes Toward Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine

Purpose
To explore the wider determinant factor of citizens’ spirituality, health engagement, health
belief model, and attitudes towards vaccines toward acceptance and willingness to pay for a
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination.

Methods
A community-based cross-sectional online investigation with convenience sampling was uti-
lized to recruit 1423 citizens from 18 districts across Indonesia between December 14, 2020
and January 17, 2021. Descriptive statistics, One-way analysis of variance, Pearson corre-
lation, Independent t-tests, and multiple linear regression were examined.

Results
Spirituality, health engagement and attitude toward vaccines, as well as health beliefs con-
structs (all scores of perceived benefits and barriers) were significant key factors of accep-
tance of vaccines. Interestingly, the spirituality, attitude toward vaccine, and health beliefs
constructs including perceived susceptibility, and benefits indicated a significantly higher
willingness.
Conclusions
Results demonstrated the utility of spirituality, health engagement, health belief model, and
attitudes towards vaccines in understanding acceptance and willingness to pay for a vaccine. Specifically, a key obstacle to the acceptance of and willingness to pay COVID-19 vaccination included a high score of the perceived barrier construct. Moreover, the acceptance of and willingness to pay could be impaired by worries about the side-effects of a COVID-19 vaccination.