Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua dan Penggunaan Gadget terhadap Kejadian Speech Delay pada Anak Usia Prasekolah

Pendahuluan: Speech delay merupakan masalah perkembangan pada anak usia prasekolah. Faktor penyebab speech delay bersifat multifaktorial, meliputi faktor anak seperti jenis kelamin, riwayat prenatal-perinatal, gangguan pendengaran, dan oral-motor, serta faktor orang tua seperti pendidikan, sosial ekonomi, pola asuh, dan penggunaan gadget. Pola asuh yang kurang tepat dan penggunaan gadget berlebihan tanpa pengawasan diduga berkontribusi terhadap kejadian speech delay karena mengurangi intensitas komunikasi dua arah antara orang tua dan anak. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dan penggunaan gadget terhadap kejadian speech delay pada anak usia prasekolah. Metode: Desain penelitian menggunakan observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Variabel independen adalah pola asuh orang tua dan penggunaan gadget, sedangkan variabel dependen adalah kejadian speech delay. Populasi adalah semua anak di Poli Tumbuh Kembang RSUD Haji usia 4–6 tahun pada bulan Desember (N=115), dengan sampel 90 anak menggunakan teknik Simple Random Sampling. Instrumen meliputi kuesioner Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire, kuesioner penggunaan gadget, dan kuesioner speech delay berbasis rekam medis. Analisis data menggunakan uji Spearman Rho Correlation. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Mayoritas orang tua menerapkan pola asuh otoriter (64,4%), penggunaan gadget anak didominasi kategori tinggi (60,0%), dan sebanyak 72 anak (80,0%) mengalami speech delay. Hasil uji Spearman's Rho menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan kejadian speech delay (p=0,000; rs=0,768) dan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara penggunaan gadget dengan kejadian speech delay (p=0,000; rs=0,704). Orang tua diharapkan meningkatkan kualitas interaksi verbal dengan anak serta membatasi penggunaan gadget sesuai usia untuk mendukung perkembangan bicara anak secara optimal.

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Introduction: Speech delay is a developmental problem commonly encountered in preschool children. The causes of speech delay are multifactorial, including child-related factors such as sex, prenatal and perinatal history, hearing impairment, and oral-motor disorders, as well as parent-related factors such as educational level, socioeconomic status, parenting style, and gadget use. Inappropriate parenting practices and excessive gadget use without adequate supervision are believed to contribute to the occurrence of speech delay by reducing the frequency of two-way communication between parents and children. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between parenting styles, gadget use and speech delay in preschool children. Methods: This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The independent variables were parenting styles and gadget use, while the dependent variable was speech delay. The study population consisted of all children aged 4–6 years attending the Growth and Development Clinic at RSUD Haji in December (N = 115). A total of 90 children were selected using the simple random sampling technique. The research instruments included the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), a gadget use questionnaire, and a speech delay questionnaire developed based on medical records. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results and Discussion: The majority of parents applied an authoritarian parenting style (64.4%), while most children were categorized as having high gadget use (60.0%). A total of 72 children (80.0%) experienced speech delay. The results of Spearman’s rank correlation test showed a significant association between parenting styles and speech delay (p < 0.001; rs = 0.768). A significant association was also found between gadget use and speech delay (p < 0.001; rs = 0.704). Parents are encouraged to enhance the quality of verbal interactions with their children and limit gadget use according to the child’s age to optimally support speech development.